Module Components

• Learning Activities

Topics

• Foundations of Research
• Time
• Research Designs
• Theory in Research
• Module 2 Self-Review

NRSG 790 - Methods for Research and Evidence-Based Practice

Module 2: Research Overview and Design

Theories In Nursing Research

Most nursing studies ask questions that have been posed within the context of a theoretical or conceptual framework from nursing theory or from theories developed in other disciplines, such as public health, psychology, sociology or education. In nursing, doing research within the context of a theoretical model or conceptual framework is a sign of a well-planned study. There are three levels of nursing theory: grand or macro level theories, mid-range theories and micro level theories. Many studies specifically state the theory being used in the study, typically in the Background and Significance or Introduction section of the study. Others may use language or imply the use of a theory without actually naming it in the manuscript describing the study. And some studies make no mention of theory at all. Take a look at these websites that provide information about nursing and other theories:

1. Grand nursing theories are theories at the macro level; they explain an overall approach to Care that considers the Patient, the Nurse and the Environment.
   
   The Hahn School of Nursing and Health Science at University of San Diego:
   Theories in Nursing Research
2. Most nursing research is conducted to answer specific questions. Therefore, mid-range theories often provide an appropriate level of context and specificity for nursing studies.
   
   Information and Resources for Nurses Worldwide:
   https://guides.library.uwm.edu/c.php?g=832418&p=5943166

3. Many nursing studies also use theories from other disciplines, such as sociology and public health:
   
   The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
   Theories and Models Used in Behavioral and Social Science Research (on Physical Activity)

Identify one or two theoretical or conceptual frameworks that might offer some guidance in structuring a PICO(T) question in an area of interest. If you are having trouble identifying an appropriate theory, look at some studies in your area of interest to see what types of theories have been used for similar PICO(T) questions.